\input{../include} \renewcommand\topfraction{.9} \renewcommand\bottomfraction{.9} \begin{document} \title{GCSE Latin Roman Life Topics} \date{2008} \author{} \maketitle \tableofcontents \section{Housing} \begin{itemize} \item Roman houses came right up to the pavement \item They had few windows, high up, to let in light only \item There were two courtyards, surrounded by rooms \item The front door was a tall, double door straight onto the street --- \textsf{i\=anua} \item From there, a short corridor into the \textsf{\=atrium} (main room, used for family occasions and entertaining guests) \begin{itemize} \item Opening in middle of roof, over a rectangular pool called the \textsf{impluvium} \item Small amount of furniture in \textsf{\=atrium}, usually just a couch/chest/small table, with marble/mosaic floor \item In the corner, the \textsf{lar\=arium} --- shrine to the household gods \item Walls had panels of painted plaster, often with scenes from stories (e.g.\ Greek myths) \end{itemize} \item Other rooms were around the \textsf{\=atrium} \begin{itemize} \item \textsf{tabl\=inum}, the study \item Bedrooms and dining room \end{itemize} \item The second courtyard, the \textsf{perist\=ylium} was a colonnade of pillars around the \textsf{hortus} (garden) \begin{itemize} \item The garden had an organised plan of flowers and shrubs, with a fish-pond and a fountain in the middle, surrounding by a few statues. \end{itemize} \item Romans conducted much of their public business from inside their houses, dealing with most visitors in the \textsf{\=atrium}, and with more important ones in the \textsf{perist\=ylium} \end{itemize} \begin{figure}[!htbp] \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{roman_life_images/houseplan} \caption{Plan of a Roman house.} {\small \begin{enumerate} \item \textbf{\textsf{impluvium}} --- pool for rain water \item \textbf{\textsf{triclinium}} --- dining room \item \textbf{\textsf{tablinum}} --- study \item \textbf{\textsf{lararium}} --- shrine to the household gods \item \textbf{\textsf{cubiculum}} --- bedroom \item \textbf{\textsf{culina}} --- kitchen \item \textbf{\textsf{latrina}} --- lavatory \item \textbf{\textsf{exedra}} --- garden room \end{enumerate}} \end{figure} \begin{figure}[!htbp] \scalebox{0.65}{\includegraphics{roman_life_images/atrium}} \caption{View of the \textsf{\=atrium} of the House of the Menander, Pompeii.} \end{figure} \begin{figure}[!htbp] \scalebox{0.60}{\includegraphics{roman_life_images/garden}} \caption{View of a garden from Herculaneum.} \end{figure} \section{Daily Routine for Men and Women} \begin{itemize} \item Roman days began early, at dawn. Slaves began earlier, cleaning the house. \item Roman citizens wore the \textsf{toga}, a largfe piece of woollen cloth folded around the body, and sandals. They would be shaved at a barber, and could visit the baths in the afternoon. \item Roman women wore the \textsf{stola}, a full-length tunic, and also a shawl outside. They would be helped by slave-women to put on their make-up and jewellery. \item Breakfast was a small snack, consisting of a drink of water and some bread. \item After this, a Roman citizen would greet his \textsf{client\=es}, who would present themselves to him in the hope of a small payment; they would support him in his business, and he may also employ them. He was known as their \textsf{patr\=onus}. \item He would spend the rest of the day either doing business at home, or banking and trading in the \textsf{forum} (marketplace). \item Lunch was a light meal of meat or fish, then fruit, eaten at midday. \item The main meal, called \textsf{c\=ena}, was in the late afternoon. \begin{itemize} \item In the summer, a Roman family would eat in the dining-room at the back of the house, and in winter in the inner dining-room beside the \textsf{\=atrium}. \item This meal was eaten lying down, on three couches (each with space for three people), placed around a small, circular table. \item Food was eaten with spoons and fingers \item Poor people, slaves, children and some times women ate sitting down \item Entertainment was often provided for guests \end{itemize} \end{itemize} \subsection{Examples of Recipes} \begin{framed} \subsubsection*{Recipe for fish} Cooked in its own sauce. \vskip 0.25cm Prepare the fish carefully. Put salt and coriander seeds into a bowl and pound them together. Roll the fish in this, place in a pan, cover it and seal it before coooking in the oven. Sprinkle the fish with vinegar and serve. \vskip 0.25cm Apicius \end{framed} \vskip 0.25cm \begin{framed} \subsubsection*{Recipe for boiled ham} Boil the ham with plenty of dried figs and 3 bay leaves. Removed the skin, make criss-cross incisions in the fat and fill these with honey. Make a pastry with flour and oil and cover the ham with this. Bake in the oven and when it is ready, serve as it is. \vskip 0.25cm Apicius \end{framed} \begin{figure}[!htbp] \scalebox{0.592}{\includegraphics{roman_life_images/oven}} \scalebox{0.55}{\includegraphics{roman_life_images/grills}} \caption{Pans and grills were used for cooking food over charcoal.} \end{figure} \begin{figure}[!htbp] \scalebox{0.592}{\includegraphics{roman_life_images/figs}} \caption{Wall painting showing basket of figs, Oplontis.} \end{figure} \section{The Forum} \begin{itemize} \item A forum was the centre of a Roman town or city (administrative, commercial \& religious) \item A large open space (paved), around which was a colonnade \item Traders set out their stalls across the forum \item In front of the columns were pedestals, on which statues of important citizens were placed \item The whole space was for pedestrians only, with large blocks of stone to stop traffic entering at the ends of any roads leading into the forum \item Notice-boards were displayed, with election results, dates of civic events \&c. (also, graffiti from ordinary citizens) \item Many important public buildings were situated around the forum. \begin{itemize} \item The main temple (of Jupiter, or otherwise) \item Other, minor temples \item Often, a large, covered marketplace \item Headquarters of guilds of various trades and professions \item A polling station, and other municipal offices \end{itemize} \end{itemize} \begin{figure}[!htbp] \scalebox{0.60}{\includegraphics{roman_life_images/forum}} \caption{The forum of Pompeii from the S.E.\ Corner.} {\small The row of pedestals would have supported statues of prominent citizens.} \end{figure} \begin{figure}[!htbp] \scalebox{0.80}{\includegraphics{roman_life_images/forumplan}} \caption{Ground plan of the forum, Pompeii} {\small \begin{enumerate} \item Temple of Jupiter, Juno \& Minerva \item Food Market \item Temple of the Lares of Pompeii \item Temple of the Emperors \item Eumachia's Clothworkers' Guildhall \item Polling station \item Municipal offices \item Basilica \item Temple of Apollo \item Table of weights and measures \end{enumerate}} \end{figure} \section{Local Elections} \begin{itemize} \item Politics played a large part in the life of many Roman towns (e.g.\ Pompeii) \item Elections were held at the end of March \item Slogans were painted on walls, processions were led through streets, \& public meetings, at which candidates would speak, were held in the forum. \item Two pairs of officials were elected every year \begin{itemize} \item The \textsf{duovir\=i} were the more senior, and heard evidence and gave judgement in the law court \item The \textsf{aed\=il\=es} oversaw public affairs, such as the markets, police, baths, entertainment, water supply \& the sewers. \end{itemize} \item There was also a council of 100 citizens \item A candidate (\textsf{candid\=atus}) would wear a toga marked with white chalk, so he could be recognised easily (\textsf{candidus} means `white'). \begin{itemize} \item Agents of the candidate would distribute bribes (illegal, but practised widely) \item Those elected were supposed to show their gratitude by holding public entertainments \item They were also expected to pay, out of their own pocket, for the restoration of public buildings \item Therefore, potential candidates had to come from wealthy families (public service was unpaid) \item Candidates normally came either from a small core of elite super-rich families, or a constantly-changing group of less wealthy families \item The front rows of the theatre would be reserved for the officials \item A statue might be erected to a prominent official in the forum \end{itemize} \end{itemize} \subsection{Examples of election notices} \begin{framed}\textsf{Casellius for aedile. \\ We want Titus Claudius Verus for duovir.}\end{framed} \begin{framed}\textsf{Innkeepers, vote for Sallustius Capito!}\end{framed} \begin{framed}\textsf{All the people who are fast asleep vote for Vatia.}\end{framed} \begin{framed}\textsf{Marcum Holconium duovirum iure dicundo dignum re publica oramus vos faciatis.} \\ \emph{We beg you to make Marcus Holconius duovir for administering justice; he is worthy of public office.}\end{framed} \begin{framed}\textsf{L.CEIUM SECUNDUM AED. ORPHAEUS FACIT} \\ \emph{Orphaeus makes Lucius Ceius Secundus aedile.}\end{framed} \begin{figure}[!htbp] \scalebox{0.70}{\includegraphics{roman_life_images/thermopolium}} \caption{View of a \textsf{thermopolium}, or snack bar, in the Street of Shops, Pompeii.} \end{figure} \section{Shops} \begin{itemize} \item In the main streets of any Roman town there would have been little shops (e.g.\ bakers' shops) where drinks and snacks (hot or cold) could be bought. \item Signs (carved/painted) indicated what the shop sold. \begin{itemize} \item A goat for a dairy \item A hammer \& chisel for a stonemasons's workshop \end{itemize} \item Walls of shops displayed advertisements and notices \item Much business took place in the forum, and in the adjoining marketplace \end{itemize} \begin{figure}[!htbp] \scalebox{0.50}{\includegraphics{roman_life_images/caldarium}} \hyphenation{Herculaneum} \caption{The hot tub in the \textsf{caldarium} of the Women's Forum Baths, Herculaneum.} {\small There is a grooved ceiling to channel the condensation.} \end{figure} \section{Bathing and Water Supply} \begin{itemize} \item In the middle of the afternoon, the Roman citizen could visit one of the several public baths in any Roman town or city. \item They would go with friends \item As well as bathing, they could also exercise and buy snacks \item First the citizen would enter at his/her designated entrance (there were different entrances for each sex) `\begin{itemize} \item The first place to visit was the \textsf{palaestra}, or exercise area, and open space surrounded by a colonnade. Games, such as throwing a ball around or wrestling, were played here. \item Next, the \textsf{apodyt\=erium}, or changing-room. Slave attendants would take their clothes here and put them in an enclave in the wall. \item In the \textsf{tepid\=arium} (warm room), there were benches to sit on, to prepare for the heat of the next room. \item The \textsf{cald\=arium} was the hot room. There would have been a hot tub across one end, for bathers to sit in. \item Then the citizen would call a slave to scrape oil off his body with a \textsf{strigil}, and give him a massage. \item At the other end of the caldarium was a basin of cool water to rinse in. \item The last room was the \textsf{frigid\=arium}, which contained a deep pool of cold water, which people plunged into, and then dried themselves with a towel. \end{itemize} \item Roman baths were noisy places; sellers of various goods and services roamed around, adding to the din. \item The Romans learnt the basics of how to heat their baths from the Greeks, and then improved on it with their own techniques. \begin{itemize} \item Previously, water had been heated in tanks, and braziers were kept burning in the hotter rooms to keep the temperature high. However, this was inefficient and the floor was not heated. \item The Roman innovation was a central heating system. The floor was supported on short brick pillars, and a furnace (wood-fueled) was kept below floor level. \item The hot air could circulate under the floor, and, in some cases, up flues in the walls. \item This was known as a \textsf{hypocaust}. \item It was also used in private buildings in cold regions of the empire. \end{itemize} \end{itemize} Seneca complains about life over the baths. \begin{quotation} ``Here I am with a babble of noise all around me. I live over a set of baths $\ldots$ When the more energetic types are doing their exercises, tossing heavy weights, I hear their grunting as they work out or pretend to work out, and the hissing of their breath as they let it escape after they've been holding it. When there happens to be someone relaxing with a cheap rub-down, I can hear the smack of the masseur's hand on his shoulders $\ldots...$ If a ball-player comes along as well, and starts to call out the score, it's the end. Add the noise of someone starting a brawl or a thief being arrested or the man who likes the sound of his own voice in the bath $\ldots$ Imagine the screech of the hair-plucker who advertises himself by shouting $\ldots$ It would be too much to list the various calls of the sausage-man, the cake-seller and the other food-sellers as they sell their goods, each with his own cry.'' \\ {[}Seneca \emph{Letters 56}] \end{quotation} \begin{figure}[!htbp] \scalebox{0.60}{\includegraphics{roman_life_images/forumbaths}} \caption{Plan of the Forum Baths, Pompeii.} {\small \begin{enumerate} \item[] \vskip 1cm \textbf{\normalsize Men's Baths } \item \textsf{\textbf{apodyterium}} \item \textsf{\textbf{frigidarium}} \item \textsf{\textbf{tepidarium}} \item \textsf{\textbf{caldarium}} \item \textsf{\textbf{furnace}} \vskip 1cm \textbf{\normalsize Women's Baths} \item \textsf{\textbf{frigidarium}} \item \textsf{\textbf{apodyterium}} \item \textsf{\textbf{tepidarium}} \item \textsf{\textbf{caldarium}} \vskip 1cm \item \textsf{\textbf{open-air courtyard}} \item \textsf{\textbf{shop}} \end{enumerate}} \end{figure} \begin{figure}[!htbp] \scalebox{0.60}{\includegraphics{roman_life_images/fountain}} \caption{Fountain in the Street of Shops, Pompeii.} {\small Public fountains like this one stood at many street corners. This is where most people drew their water, but richer citizens paid a tax so that they could have water piped directly into their homes.} \end{figure} \begin{figure}[!htbp] \scalebox{0.45}{\includegraphics{roman_life_images/latrines}} \caption{Roman Latrines (at Dougga, Tunisia).} {\small The stone seats were over a channel of flowing water. The narrow channel in front of the seats was for washing sponges.} \end{figure} \begin{figure}[!htbp] \scalebox{0.40}{\includegraphics{roman_life_images/amphitheatre}} \caption{The inside of the Pompeii amphitheatre as it is today.} \end{figure} \section{Public Entertainment} \begin{itemize} \item The most popular Roman entertainment was the Gladiatorial show. \item This was held in an amphitheatre large enough to take the entire population of the town (in Pompeii, the amphitheatre could hold 20,000 people) \item There was no admission fee, as the games were paid for by rich citizens hoping to curry favour in elections \&c. \item The games would start with trumpets and a religious ceremony performed by priests. \item Gladiators were trained in a `school' (barracks) by a professional trainer, and came from many different backgrounds. \begin{itemize} \item Slaves \item Condemned criminals \item Prisoners of War \item Freedmen (who did it for the guaranteed fame \& glory if they were successful) \end{itemize} \item Fights lasted to the death, or until the surrender of one of the gladiators \item When a gladiator was at the mercy of another, about to be killed, he looked to the crowd, who signaled whether he should be killed or not (the ultimate decision was taken by the citizen who had put on the games). \item There were many different varieties of gladiator. \begin{description} \item[Samnites] had a rectangular shield and a short sword \item[Thracians] had a round shield and curved dagger/sword \item[a \textsf{murmill\=o}] had a sword and shield and a helmet shaped like a fish \item[the \textsf{r\=eti\=ari\=i}] had \textsf{r\=etia} (nets) and three-pronged tridents \item Others fought on horseback or from chariots; sometimes female gladiators were used. \end{description} \end{itemize} \begin{figure}[!htbp] \scalebox{0.55}{\includegraphics{roman_life_images/gladiatorrelief}} \caption{Relief showing a \textsf{retiarius} with net, trident and protection for his right arm and neck.} \end{figure} In A.D.\ 59 there was a riot in the amphitheatre of Pompeii. \begin{quotation} ``At about the same time a trivial incident led to shocking violence and murder between the people of Nuceria and Pompeii, at a gladiatorial show that was put on by Livineius Regulus $\ldots$ For the townspeople began to taunt each other in turn with their usual banter; they moved on to insults, then stones and finally swords. The people of Pompeii were the stronger $\ldots$ As a result many of the people of Nuceria, their bodies disfigured with wounds, were taken to Rome, while many mourned for children or parents who had died. The emperor Nero requested the senate to hold an inquiry $\ldots$ After the inquiry, the senate forbade the Pompeians to hold that sort of show for ten years.'' \\ {[}Tacitus \emph{Annals 14.7}] \end{quotation} \subsection{Animal hunts} \begin{itemize} \item A \textsf{v\=en\=ati\=o} was a wild animal hunt. \item The \textsf{b\=estiae} (beasts) would be taken into the arena in cages. \item When they were released, they would be killed by \textsf{b\=esti\=ari\=i} (who were sometimes killed themselves). \end{itemize} \subsection{The Theatre} \begin{itemize} \item Plays would only be performed at festivals \item Notices would appear throughout the town advertising it \item The best seats were reserved for town councillors \& officials \item Admission for everyone was free, having been payed for by a wealthy citizen \item The show lasted all day, with many plays \item An awning suspendewd by ropes could cover the theatre to keep the sun off \item A popular mixture of ballet and opear was the \textsf{pantomime}, where plots from Greek myths would be acted out. \item Musical instruments would accompany the performance. \begin{itemize} \item Lyre \item Double pipes \item Trumpet \item Castanets \item A chorus also sang along \end{itemize} \item Actors were normally Greek, and were freedmen or slaves \item Comic actors acted in short, one-act, slapstick plays tacked onto the end of longer, more serious plays. \end{itemize} \subsection{Gladiatorial Graffiti} \begin{framed} A Thracian versus a murmillo. \vskip 0.5cm Victor: \hskip 0.5cm Pugnax from Nero's school: 3 times a winner. \\ Perished: \hskip 0.5cm Murranus from Nero's school: 3 times a winner. \end{framed} \begin{framed} OCEANUS Libertus XIII Vicit \\ Oceanus freedman: 13 times a winner \vskip 0.5cm ARACINTUS Libertus $\ldots$ IIII periit \\ Aracintus freedman: 4(?) times a winner perished. \vskip 0.25cm \scalebox{0.175}{\includegraphics{roman_life_images/gladiatorinscription}} \end{framed} \begin{figure}[!htbp] \scalebox{0.45}{\includegraphics{roman_life_images/theatre}} \caption{Roman theatre, Sabratha, Libya.} \end{figure} \end{document}